Prostate Cancer Treatments: How Decisions Are Made Across Stages

Prostate cancer treatment is highly individualized. Two people can both have “prostate cancer” and get very different plans depending on risk group, spread, symptoms, and tumor biology. This guide explains the major decision points and the modern treatment toolkit.

Important: This is educational information, not medical advice. Your plan depends on stage, risk features, symptoms, overall health, and preferences. Always review options with your oncology team.

60-second orientation

Many prostate cancers grow slowly; treatment can range from active surveillance to multi-step therapy.
A major foundation of treatment—especially for more advanced disease—is hormone therapy that lowers or blocks androgens (male hormones).
In advanced settings, modern care often involves combination strategies and sequencing (planning what comes next).
Newer options include radiopharmaceuticals (targeted radiation delivered by a drug) for selected patients.

Key terms (defined once)

Active surveillance: close monitoring (PSA tests, exams, imaging, biopsies) without immediate treatment; used for selected low-risk cancers.
Risk group: a category based on PSA level, Gleason/Grade Group, stage, and other features that predicts behavior and guides treatment.
ADT (androgen deprivation therapy): treatment that lowers testosterone or blocks androgen signaling (often called “hormone therapy”).
Metastatic: cancer has spread to distant sites (often bone and lymph nodes).
Castration-sensitive: prostate cancer that still responds to ADT.
Castration-resistant (CRPC): cancer that progresses despite low testosterone levels (still often responsive to additional therapies).

Step 1: localized vs advanced disease

A) Localized prostate cancer (confined to the prostate)

Common options include:

Active surveillance (selected low-risk cases)
Surgery (prostate removal) for some
Radiation therapy for some
ADT may be added in certain higher-risk settings

A key question: “Am I low-risk enough for surveillance, or do I need definitive treatment?”

B) Advanced disease (spread beyond the prostate)

If cancer has spread, treatment often focuses on systemic therapy (medicines) plus targeted local approaches when appropriate.

Step 2: risk group drives intensity (why “grade” matters)

Care teams often describe prostate cancer by risk categories (low, intermediate, high) based on:

PSA
tumor grade (Gleason/Grade Group)
imaging and exam findings

Higher-risk cancers are more likely to need combined strategies (e.g., radiation + ADT) and longer follow-up.

The treatment toolkit (what patients actually see)

Surgery

Surgery is often considered for localized disease in selected patients. Decisions include expected cancer control and side effects (urinary and sexual function).

Radiation therapy

Radiation can be used as the main curative treatment or alongside other approaches. ADT may be added depending on risk.

Hormone therapy (ADT) — the backbone in advanced disease

ADT reduces androgen signaling, which prostate cancer cells often depend on. In advanced settings, ADT is commonly combined with other systemic therapies to improve outcomes.

Systemic therapies beyond ADT (advanced settings)

Depending on stage and prior treatments, therapy may include combinations of:

androgen pathway–targeting medicines (stronger suppression of androgen signaling)
chemotherapy (in selected situations)
targeted therapies in molecular subsets
immunotherapy in selected biomarker-defined cases
radiopharmaceuticals for selected patients

What’s changing now (the themes)

Combination therapy earlier: more use of “ADT + partner therapy” in metastatic castration-sensitive disease.
More precision oncology: tumor genetic testing is increasingly used to find actionable vulnerabilities (relevant in selected cases).
Radiopharmaceuticals and theranostics: targeted radiation drugs are a major growth area for certain advanced prostate cancers.
Sequencing focus: planning the next 2–3 options from the start based on goals and tolerability.

Questions to ask your care team (high value)

What risk group am I (low/intermediate/high), and what does that mean for treatment?
Is active surveillance reasonable for me, or do I need definitive therapy?
If advanced: is my disease castration-sensitive or castration-resistant?
What is the goal right now: cure attempt, control, symptom relief?
What combination strategy are you recommending, and why now?
Have we done genetic testing (tumor and/or inherited), and does it change options?
If this stops working, what are the next 2–3 options?